The research team demonstrated that particular difficulties, such as problems establishing closeness and mutually satisfying relationships, a fragile or unstable self-image, struggles in understanding the experiences and motives of others, and primitive defense mechanisms (for example, attacking others when experiencing negative emotions or blaming uninvolved parties, a mechanism called projection), are central features of personality disorders. These psychological mechanisms may offer short-term protection from distressing emotions, but significantly impair relationships and social life in the long run. Such patterns are often rooted in adverse childhood experiences.

The study is based on in-depth interviews and clinical diagnoses of over 500 people in Germany and Switzerland. It not only provides new scientific insights into the development and nature of personality disorders, but could also inform potential approaches in therapy and prevention. Psychodynamic concepts, such as working with defense mechanisms or addressing closeness in relationships, could be integrated into treatments in a more targeted way in the future.

“A better understanding of these mechanisms is urgently needed, especially in a time when political and societal crises are so often characterized by escalating conflicts, splitting, projection, a fear of vulnerability and intimacy, and a lack of empathy,” says Dr. André Kerber, clinical psychologist in the Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention at Freie Universität Berlin.